英文表达中的分词结构对于很多考生来讲并不陌生,常常出现在阅读、听力练习中,而对于我们的托福写作,它可以帮助考生提升句法丰富度(syntactic variety)。句法丰富是托福独立写作满分评分标准之一,所谓的句法丰富也就是考生所写的句子不能总是朴实无华的简单句,或在一篇文章中频繁使用定语从句和只有if、when等引导的状语从句。如何跳脱出这种一成不变地句式,这里将会教考生学会使用两种分词表达方式,为文章句子加上一点色彩。
当然,在讲分词使用方法时,首先我们要知道分词的形式和特征。分词分为现在分词(动词原形+ing)和过去分词(动词原形+ed)。过去分词只有一种形态的(done),相较而言,现在分词则有四种体现形式:doing/ having done/ having been done/ being done,每种含有不同的时态或语态,但是在写作中最常用的还是第一种形式-doing。这两种分词表达可以在句子中充当哪些成分呢?这里将会重点讲解两种比较有效的分词使用方法,增加考生文章的语法丰富度,有时还会体现用词多样。
(一)分词作定语
分词作定语是比较简单的分词使用方法,但是准确的使用仍然需要一番努力。举个例子,在写作中,表明数量的上升可以用rising/ increasing/ mounting/ growing,这些都是现在分词结构,表示主动意义,即可以表示动作正在进行也可以表示不在进行,直接放在修饰的名词前面:
A rising number of individuals are beginning to hold the opinion that there are increasing graduates every year but decreasing job opportunities for them in China。相对地,过去分词则常常表示被动意义,已经发生的,比如:
The increased demands of the position intimidate many applicants。这里面increased 表达这个岗位的要求已经增加,是被动的,已经发生了。此外,考生还可以使用合成分词作定语,使文章定语看起来不那么呆板,平时考试可以多积累一些常见表达,例如:
far-reaching/ easy-going/ good-looking/ high-sounding/ well-being/ epoch-making / eye-opening/ far-seeing/ never-ending/ time-consuming/ hard-wearing/ mouth-watering/
man-made/ above-mentioned/ well-educated/ full-grown/ badly-behaved/ well-read/ much-travelled/ clear-cut/ well-advised/ far-fetched/ self-employed/ badly-paid
除了作上述的前置定语,还可以作为后置定语,可以用来替换考生最喜爱的定语从句。替换方法:锁定有效动词,主动变成doing,被动就变成being done 或者done, 锁定的动词前面部分去掉,后面保留。
We should offer additional assistance to those who make preparation for their dissertation.
We should offer additional assistance to those making preparation for their dissertation.
Adolescents who are encouraged to have a routine workout are likely to hold an optimistic attitude
Adolescents, encouraged to have a routine workout, are likely to hold an optimistic attitude.
(二)分词作状语
分词表达可以替换时间,条件,原因,结果,伴随等状语,需要逗号隔开
Faced with the upcoming examination, the student burned the midnight oil with his classmates. (表示时间状语)
Given an inappropriate salary, the employee determined to leave his job at the enterprise. (表示条件状语)
Being unwilling to be bossed around, he became his own boss (表示原因状语)
Numerous automobiles were purchased by consumers this year, resulting in the increase of traffic jams. (表示结果状语)
She went away, carrying big luggage. (表示伴随)
这里环球教育(原环球教育)老师简单讲述了托福考试中常见的分词表达方式,考生可以在自己平时练习中,有意识地使用分词表达,这样考生才会在考试中大胆并灵活使用分词结构,增加句法的丰富度。
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